Straight Vegetable Oil SVO as Diesel replacement fuel

• SVO - straight vegetable oil used as diesel fuel (usually new oil, fresh, uncooked) PPO - pure plant oils, same as SVO: PPO is the term most often used in Europe
• WVO - waste vegetable oil (used cooking oil, "grease", fryer oil, probably including animal fats or fish oils from the cooking)
• UCO - used cooking oil (what we called it in the first place until everyone started calling it WVO, even if it wasn't necessarily all vegetable)

Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil

Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil as a Fuel (RK-Qualitaetsstandard)
Properties /Contents	Unit	Limiting Value		Testing Method
		min.	max.
Characteristic properties for Rapeseed 0il
Density (15ºC)	kg/m3	900	930	DIN EN ISO 3675 DIN EN ISO 12185
Flash Point by P.-M.	ºC	220	-	DIN EN 22719
Calorific Value	kJ/kg	35000	-	DIN 51900-3
Kinematic Viscosity (40ºC)	mm2/S	-	38	DIN EN ISO 3104
Low Temperature Behaviour	-	-	-	Rotational Viscometer (testing conditions will be developed)
Cetane Number	-	-	-	Testing method will be reviewed
Carbon Residue	Mass-%	-	0.40	DIN EN ISO 10370
Iodine Number	g/100 g	100	120	DIN 53241-1
Sulphur Content	mg/kg	-	20	ASTM D5453-93
Variable properties
Contamination	mg/kg	-	25	DIN EN 12662
Acid Value	mg KOH/g	-	2.0	DIN EN ISO 660
Oxidation Stability (110ºC)	h	5.0	-	IS0 6886
Phosphorus Content	mg/kg	-	15	ASTM D3231-99
Ash Content	Mass-%	-	0.01	DIN EN ISO 6245
Water Content	Mass-%	-	0.075	pr EN ISO 12937

Abteilung Technologie nachwachsender Rohstoffe / Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenoele
Department of Technology, regenerating raw materials / Working Group On Vegetable Oils
Dr. Bernhard Widmann

LTV-Work-Session on Decentral Vegetable Oil Production, Weihenstephan
http://dec2.tec.agrar.tu-muenchen.de/pflanzoel/rkstandard_e.html

See also: Vegetable oil standard: comments by Elsbett Technology

Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel
.	Diesel Canola Oil	Biodiesel
Density kgL-1 @ 15.5 deg C	0.84 0.92	0.88
Calorific value MJL-1	38.3 36.9	33-40
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 20 deg C	4-5 70	4-6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 40 deg C	4-5 37	4-6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 70 deg C	- 10	-
Cetane number	45 40-50	45-65

From "Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Replacement Fuel" by Phillip Calais, Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, and A.R. (Tony) Clark, Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association Inc.
http://www.shortcircuit.com.au/warfa/paper/paper.htm

1. Sims, R. Yields, Costs and Availability of Natural Oils/Fats as Diesel Fuel Substitutes, Report No LF2021 for the Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Wellington (NZ) 1982
2. Environment Australia (National Heritage Trust) (2000b). Setting National Fuel Quality Standards – Paper 2 - Proposed Standards for Fuel Parameters (Petrol and Diesel), Canberra
3. Beer, T., Grant, T., Brown, R., Edwards, J., Nelson, P., Watson, H., Williams, D. (2000) Life-Cycle Emission Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles. CSIRO, Australia

Cetane numbers

Cetane numbers rate the ignition properties of diesel fuels, just as octane numbers determine the quality and value of gasoline (petrol). It's a measure of a fuel's willingness to ignite when it's compressed. The higher the cetane number, the more efficient the fuel. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petrodiesel because of its oxygen content.

From the Lubrizol Corporation:
http://www.lubrizol.com/DieselEngines/default.asp

Ignition Quality or Cetane Number -- This factor influences ease of starting, duration of white smoking after start-up, drivability before warm-up and intensity of diesel knock at idle. Studies have correlated ignition quality with all regulated emissions. As ignition delay is reduced, the combustion process starts earlier and emissions (primarily carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) are reduced.

Ignition delay is measured by the Cetane Number (CN) test (ASTM D 613), which uses a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio engine analogous to the Octane Number engine. In this case, the ignition delay of the test fuel is measured at a fixed compression ratio. This result is compared with the results from standard reference fuels consisting of blends of n-cetane and heptamethylnonane.

Diesel engines vary widely in their cetane requirements, and there is no commonly recognized way to measure this value. In general, the lower an engine's operating speed, the lower the CN of the fuel it can use. Large marine engines can tolerate fuels with CNs as low as 20, while some manufacturers of high-speed passenger car diesel engines specify 55 CN fuel.

National standards for biodiesel

Comparison of different national standards for biodiesel
-	Europe Austria Czech Republic France Germany Italy Sweden USA	Australia
Standard / Specification	EN 14214 ON C1191 CSN 65 6507 Journal Officiel DIN V 51606 UNI 10635 SS 155436 ASTM D-6751	Fuel Standard (Biodiesel) Determination
Date	2003 July 1997 Sep 1998 Sep 1997 Sep 1997 April 1997 Nov 1996 Jan 2002	Sept 2003
Application	FAME FAME RME VOME FAME VOME VOME FAMAE	-
Density 15°C g/cm	0.86 -0.90 0.85 - 0.89 0.87 - 0.89 0.87 - 0.90 0.875 - 0.90 0.86 -0.90 0.87 - 0.90 -	860 to 890 kg/m3
Viscos. 40°C mm2/s	3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0	3.5-5.0
Distillat. 95% °C	- - - <360 - <360 - 90% @ 360°C	<360
Flashpoint °C	>120 >100 >110 >100 >110 >100 >100 >130 (150 av.)	>120
CFPP °C (cold filter plugging point)	*country specific 0/-15 -5 - 0/-10/-20 - -5 -	-
Pour point °C	- - - <-10 - <0/ <-15 - -	-
Sulfur % mass	<10 mg/kg <0.02 <0.02 - <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 <0.05	50 mg/kg (max) 10 mg/kg (max) (from 1 Feb 2006)
CCR 100% % mass	- <0.05 <0.05 - <0.05 - - -	-
10% dist. resid. % mass	<0.3 - - <0.3 - <0.5 - -	-
Sulfated ash % mass	<0.02 <0.02 <0.02 - <0.03 - - <0.02	<0.02
(Oxid) Ash % mass	- - - - - <0.01 <0.01 -	-
Water mg/kg	<500 - <500 <200 <300 <700 <300 <0.05% vol. (water & sediment)	<0.05% vol (water & sediment)
Total contam. mg/kg	<24 - <24 - <20 - <20 -	<24
Cu-Corros. 3h/50°C	1 - 1 - 1 - - <No.3	<10 mg/kg sulfur Class 1 (max) >10 mg/kg sulfur No. 3 (max)
Oxidation stability hrs;110°C	6 hours min - - - - - - -	6 hours min
Cetane No.	>51 >49 >48 >49 >49 - >48 >47	>51
Neutral. No. (Acid value) mgKOH/g	<0.5 <0.8 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.6 <0.8	<0.8
Methanol % mass	<0.20 <0.20 - <0.1 <0.3 <0.2 <0.2 -	<0.2
Ester content % mass	>96.5 - - >96.5 - >98 >98 -	>96.5
Monoglyceride. % mass	<0.8 - - <0.8 <0.8 <0.8 <0.8 -	-
Diglyceride % mass	<0.2 - - <0.2 <0.4 <0.2 <0.1 -	-
Triglyceride % mass	<0.2 - - <0.2 <0.4 <0.1 <0.1 -	-
Free glycerol % mass	<0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.02 <0.02	<0.02
Total glycerol % mass	<0.25 <0.24 <0.24 <0.25 <0.25 - - <0.24	<0.25
Iodine No.	<120 <120 - <115 <115 - <125 -	-
Linolenic acid ME %mass	<12 - - - - - - -	-
C18:3 and high. unsat.acids % mass	- <15 - - - - - -	-
C(x:4) & greater unsaturated esters % mass	<1 - - - - - - -	-
Phosphor mg/kg	<10 <20 <20 <10 <10 <10 <10 <0.001% mass	<10
Ramsbottom carbon residue, % mass	- - - - - - - 0.10	-
Carbon residue	- - - - - - - <0.050% by mass	<0.30% mass (10% distillation residue) <0.050% mass (100% distillation sample)
Gp I metals (Na,K) mg/kg	<5 - - - - - - -	<5
Gp II metals (Ca,Mg) mg/kg	<5 - - - - - - -	<5
Alkalinity mg/kg	- - <10 <5 <5 - <10 -	-

RME: Rapeseed oil methyl ester
FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester
VOME: Vegetable oil methyl ester
FAMAE: Fatty acid mono alkyl ester

US standard -- D6751-02 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels. Download from the ASTM site, costs $30 (pdf):
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/STORE/
filtrexx40.cgi?U+mystore+mofc8213+-L+D6751+/usr6/
htdocs/astm.org/DATABASE.CART/PAGES/D6751.htm

EU standard -- DIN EN 14214, Publication date:2003-11 Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. Order from Beuth Verlag GmbH ("search" for "EN 14214")
http://www.beuth.de/index_en.php

CEN Diesel Fuel Specification (EN 590:1993):
http://journeytoforever.org/energiaweb/en590en.htm

Australian standard:
http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/biodiesel/index.html

Standards and the homebrewer:

"Most of the standards can be met simply by preparing and washing the fuel well," says Todd Swearingen of Appal Energy.

Standard testing:

Biodiesel fuel testing for the US ASTM D-6751 standard:

Analytical Testing Services, Inc.
http://wetestit.com/

Harris Testing Laboratories, Inc.
http://www.harristestinglab.com/quote/d6751.htm

Fuel properties of fats and oils

Fuel-related properties and iodine values of various fats and oils
Oil or Fat	Iodine Value CN	HG (kJ/kg)	Viscosity (mm 2/s)	CP (deg C) PP (deg C)	FP (deg C)
Babassu	10-18 38	-	-	- -	-
Castor	82-88 ?	39500	297 (38 C)	- -31.7	260
Coconut	6-12 -	-	-	- -	-
Corn	103-140 37.6	39500	34.9 (38 C)	-1.1 -40.0	277
Cottonseed	90-119 41.8	39468	33.5 (38 C)	1.7 -15.0	234
Crambe	93 44.6	40482	53.6 (38 C)	10.0 -12.2	274
Linseed	168-204 34.6	39307	27.2 (38 C)	1.7 -15.0	241
Olive	75-94 -	-	-	- -	-
Palm	35-61 42	-	-	- -	-
Peanut	80-106 41.8	39782	39.6 (38 C)	12.8 -6.7	271
Rapeseed	94-120 37.6	39709	37.0 (38 C)	-3.9 -31.7	246
Safflower	126-152 41.3	39519	31.3 (38 C)	18.3 -6.7	260
High-oleic safflower	90-100 49.1	39516	41.2 (38 C)	-12.2 -20.6	293
Sesame	104-120 40.2	39349	35.5 (38 C)	-3.9 -9.4	260
Soybean	117-143 37.9	39623	32.6 (38 C)	-3.9 -12.2	254
Sunflower	110-143 37.1	39575	37.1 (38 C)	7.2 -15.0	274
Tallow	35-48 -	40054	51.15 (40 C)	- -	201
No. 2 DF	- 47	45343	2.7 (38 C)	-15.0 -33.0	52

CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
Iodine values combined from Applewhite, T.H., in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; Third Ed.; John-Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1980, Vol. 9; pp. 795-811; and Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B. Lipid Handbook; Second Ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1994.
Fuel properties from Goering, C.E.; Schwab, A.W.; Daugherty, M.J.; Pryde, E.H.; Heakin, A.J. Trans. ASAE 1982, 25, 1472-1477 & 1483.
All tallow values from Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564 (no CN given, calcd. cetane index 40.15).

(From: Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:

Fuel properties of esters

Fuel-related physical properties of esters of oils and fats
Ester CN HG (kJ/kg)	Viscosity (mm2/s)	CP (deg C) PP (deg C)	FP 1 (deg C)
Methyl
Cottonseed 2 51.2 -	6.8 (21deg )	- -4	110
Rapeseed 3 54.4 40449	6.7 (40deg )	-2 -9	84
Safflower 4 49.8 40060	-	- -6	180
Soybean 5 46.2 39800	4.08 (40deg )	2 -1	171
Sunflower 6 46.6 39800	4.22 (40deg )	0 -4	-
Tallow 7 - 39949	4.11 (40deg )	12 9	96
Ethyl
Palm 8 56.2 39070	4.5 (37.8deg )	8 6	19
Soybean 5 48.2 40000	4.41 (40deg )	1 -4	174
Tallow 9 - -	-	15 12	-

CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
1. Some flash points are very low. These may be typographical errors in the references or the materials may have contained residual alcohols.
2. Geyer, S.M.; Jacobus, M.J.; Lestz, S.S. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 375-381.
3. Peterson, C.L.; Korus, R.A; Mora, P.G.; Madsen, J.P. Trans. ASAE, 1987, 30, 28-35.
4. Isiiguer, A.; Karaosmanolu, F.; Aksoy, H.A.; Hamdallahpur, F.; Guelder, oe.L. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1994, 45-46, 93-102.
5. Bagby, M.O. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Jojoba Uses, 3rd Int. Conf. New Industr. Crops Prod.; Princen, L.H., Rossi, C., Eds.; Assoc. Advancem. Industr. Crops. publ. 1996; pp. 220-224.
6. Kaufman, K.R.; Ziejewski, M. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 1626-1633.
7. Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564.
8. Avella, F.; Galtieri, A.; Fiumara, A. Riv. Combust. 1992, 46, 181-188.
9. Nelson, L.A.; Foglia, T.A.; Dunn, R.O.; Marmer, W.N. submitted for publication.

-- From: Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:

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